Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in childhood obesity: association with gene expression of RAGE and cardiometabolic markers / Receptor soluble para productos finales de glicación avanzada (sRAGE) en la obesidad infantil:asociación con la expresión génica de RAGE y marcadores cardiometabólicos

Introduction: advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Full-length RAGE is associated with intracellular signal transduction, and soluble-RAGE (sRAGE) lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, acting as a competitive inhibitor ofAGEs-RAGE binding. sRAGE levels in healthy children are associated with cell surface expression of RAGE. However, the expression of RAGE hasnot been explored in childhood obesity.Objective: the study aim was to evaluate the sRAGE levels and the gene expression of RAGE in children and its association with cardiometabolicmarkers.Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with 6-11-year children, 20 with overweight and 20 with obesity. Anthropometric measurements includedwaist circumference (cm) (WC), neck circumference (NC), weight (kg), fat mass (%), trunk fat (kg), muscular mass (kg), height (cm), and bodymass index (BMI) (kg/m2). Blood samples following an overnight fast were collected to measure glucose (mg/dl) and lipid profile with colorimetricmethods. sRAGE was determined in serum using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR)was performed to analyze RAGE transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by Ficoll®-Hypaque.Results: we found higher RAGE (p = 0.0315) and lower sRAGE (p = 0.0305) levels in the obesity group. sRAGE level showed a negative correlation with RAGE (r = -0.35) and BMI (r = -0.24), and positive with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.29). Regression analysis suggests that HDL-C andRAGE levels are predictors of sRAGE levels.Conclusions: expression of RAGE is associated with lower sRAGE levels in childhood obesity. Moreover, obese children show higher cardiometabolic risk markers, and a positively associated with sRAGE. (AU)

Introducción: los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGE) interactúan con el receptor de AGE (RAGE). El RAGE de longitud completaestá asociado con la transducción de señales intracelulares y el RAGE soluble (sRAGE) carece de los dominios transmembrana y citoplásmico,actuando como un inhibidor competitivo de la unión de AGE-RAGE. Los niveles de sRAGE en niños sanos están asociados con la expresión deRAGE en la superficie celular. Sin embargo, la expresión de RAGE no se ha explorado en la obesidad infantil.Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y la expresión génica de RAGE en niños y su asociación con marcadorescardiometabólicos.Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal con niños de seis a once años, 20 con sobrepeso y 20 con obesidad. Las medidas antropométricasincluyeron la circunferencia de la cintura (cm) (CC), la circunferencia del cuello (NC), el peso (kg), la masa grasa (%), la grasa del tronco (kg),la masa muscular (kg), la altura (cm) y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (kg/m2). Se tomaron muestras de sangre después de una noche deayuno para medir glucosa (mg/dl) y el perfil de lípidos con métodos colorimétricos. Los sRAGE se determinaron en suero utilizando un ensayoinmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Se realizó una transcripción inversa cuantitativa (RT-qPCR) para analizar los transcritos de RAGE encélulas mononucleares de sangre periférica aisladas por Ficoll®-Hypaque.Resultados: encontramos niveles más altos de RAGE (p = 0,0315) y más bajos de sRAGE (p = 0,0305) en el grupo de obesidad. El nivel de sRAGE mostró una correlación negativa con RAGE (r = -0,35) e IMC (r = -0,24), y positiva con el colesterol HDL (r = 0,29). El análisis de regresión sugiere que los niveles de HDL-C y RAGE predicen los niveles de sRAGE.Conclusiones: la expresión de RAGE se asocia con niveles más bajos de sRAGE en la obesidad infantil. ... (AU)

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in childhood obesity: association with gene expression of RAGE and cardiometabolic markers.

Introduction: Introduction: advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Full-length RAGE is associated with intracellular signal transduction, and soluble-RAGE (sRAGE) lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, acting as a competitive inhibitor of AGEs-RAGE binding. sRAGE levels in healthy children are associated with cell surface expression of RAGE. However, the expression of RAGE has not been explored in childhood obesity. Objective: the study aim was to evaluate the sRAGE levels and the gene expression of RAGE in children and its association with cardiometabolic markers. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with 6-11-year children, 20 with overweight and 20 with obesity. Anthropometric measurements included waist circumference (cm) (WC), neck circumference (NC), weight (kg), fat mass (%), trunk fat (kg), muscular mass (kg), height (cm), and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2). Blood samples following an overnight fast were collected to measure glucose (mg/dl) and lipid profile with colorimetric methods. sRAGE was determined in serum using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) was performed to analyze RAGE transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by Ficoll®-Hypaque. Results: we found higher RAGE (p = 0.0315) and lower sRAGE (p = 0.0305) levels in the obesity group. sRAGE level showed a negative correlation with RAGE (r = -0.35) and BMI (r = -0.24), and positive with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.29). Regression analysis suggests that HDL-C and RAGE levels are predictors of sRAGE levels. Conclusions: expression of RAGE is associated with lower sRAGE levels in childhood obesity. Moreover, obese children show higher cardiometabolic risk markers, and a positively associated with sRAGE.

Introducción: Introducción: los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGE) interactúan con el receptor de AGE (RAGE). El RAGE de longitud completa está asociado con la transducción de señales intracelulares y el RAGE soluble (sRAGE) carece de los dominios transmembrana y citoplásmico, actuando como un inhibidor competitivo de la unión de AGE-RAGE. Los niveles de sRAGE en niños sanos están asociados con la expresión de RAGE en la superficie celular. Sin embargo, la expresión de RAGE no se ha explorado en la obesidad infantil. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y la expresión génica de RAGE en niños y su asociación con marcadores cardiometabólicos. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal con niños de seis a once años, 20 con sobrepeso y 20 con obesidad. Las medidas antropométricas incluyeron la circunferencia de la cintura (cm) (CC), la circunferencia del cuello (NC), el peso (kg), la masa grasa (%), la grasa del tronco (kg), la masa muscular (kg), la altura (cm) y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (kg/m2). Se tomaron muestras de sangre después de una noche de ayuno para medir glucosa (mg/dl) y el perfil de lípidos con métodos colorimétricos. Los sRAGE se determinaron en suero utilizando un ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Se realizó una transcripción inversa cuantitativa (RT-qPCR) para analizar los transcritos de RAGE en células mononucleares de sangre periférica aisladas por Ficoll®-Hypaque. Resultados: encontramos niveles más altos de RAGE (p = 0,0315) y más bajos de sRAGE (p = 0,0305) en el grupo de obesidad. El nivel de sRAGE mostró una correlación negativa con RAGE (r = -0,35) e IMC (r = -0,24), y positiva con el colesterol HDL (r = 0,29). El análisis de regresión sugiere que los niveles de HDL-C y RAGE predicen los niveles de sRAGE. Conclusiones: la expresión de RAGE se asocia con niveles más bajos de sRAGE en la obesidad infantil. Además, los niños obesos muestran marcadores de riesgo cardiometabólico más elevados y una asociación positiva con sRAGE.

Altered Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 and miR-1290 Levels in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 (NAT1 and NAT2) are drug-metabolizing enzymes that play a key role in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study evaluated NAT1 and NAT2 mRNA and protein expression and their enzymatic activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with ALL (n=20) and healthy children (n=19) and explored the mechanisms that regulate these enzymes in ALL such as microRNAs (miR-1290, miR-26b) and SNPs. RESULTS: PBMC from patients with ALL showed a decrease in NAT1 mRNA and protein expression. In addition, NAT1 enzymatic activity was decreased in patients with ALL. There was no influence of SNP 559 C>T or 560 G>A on low NAT1 activity. The lower expression of NAT1 might be related to the loss of acetylated histone H3K14 in the NAT1 gene promoter in patients with ALL and the higher relative expression of miR-1290 in the plasma of patients with relapsed ALL compared with healthy controls. There were significantly fewer CD3+/NAT1+ double-positive cells in patients who relapsed compared with control subjects. Based on a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm, CD19+ cells that reappeared in patients with relapse showed low NAT1 expression. In contrast, for NAT2, there were no significant results. CONCLUSION: The expression and function of NAT1 and miR-1290 levels could be involved in modulating immune cells altered in ALL.

Visceral adiposity index is a better predictor to discriminate metabolic syndrome than other classical adiposity indices among young adults.

BACKGROUND: Visceral adiposity index (VAI) has been identified as a cardiometabolic risk marker in children and adolescents which reflects abdominal fat distribution. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the predictive capacity of VAI, a body shape index (ABSI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and triglycerides and glucose index (TyG index) compared with classical anthropometric measurements to discriminate metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: This retrospective study included 1372 individuals. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measurements were used to screen the prevalence of MetS components and to calculate VAI, ABSI, TyG index, and AIP. RESULTS: The discriminatory capacity among the variables was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). VAI was the variable with the highest AUC with 0.932 CI 95% (0.917-0.948), followed by AIP with 0.914 CI 95% (0.897-0.931), and TyG index with 0.889 CI 95% (0.871-0.908). CONCLUSION: VAI is a promising tool to identify MetS in the late adolescence setting. Among the novel adiposity indexes VAI, AIP, TyG index are able to determine MetS presence, while ABSI is not capable.

[Distribution of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance for the evaluation of insulin sensitivity on late adolescence in Mexicans]. / Distribución del índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) y el modelo homeostático para la evaluación de la resistencia a la insulina en la adolescencia tardía en mexicanos.

Introduction: Introduction: when peripheral tissues don't respond well to insulin action, it is defined as insulin resistance (IR). Many methods and indices are available for the estimation of IR, among them the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) involves fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Nevertheless, the TyG index has a methodological advantage over the HOMA-IR because it requires only measurements provided by routine laboratory tests. Aim: distribution asessment of the HOMA-IR and TyG indexes in the sample. Also, to determine the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR, using TyG cutoff point as IR-positive diagnostic test. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional analytical study with 1686 participants aged 18 to 21 years from the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Anthropometric assessment involves variables of weight and height. Fasting glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations were quantified. In addition, a questionnaire was carried out to know the hereditary family history and the presence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Student's t-test was used to assess the differences in mean statistics between males and females. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to examine the potential of HOMA-IR to identify IR. Results: 56 % of the study adolescents were females and 44 % were males; mean BMI was 22.62 ± 3.21 kg/m2. In the total sample mean serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were 89.48 ± 9.84 mg/dL, 6.26 ± 5.04 µU/mL, and 95.64 ± 55.78 mg/dL, respectively. A prevalence of 28.2 % of IR was determined, evaluated with the cut-off points for the TyG index. Subsequently, Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) were performed to evaluate the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR. The most outstanding cut-off value was 1.08 for the HOMA-IR index, reaching a sensitivity of 66 % and a specificity of 53 %. The prevalence of HOMA-IR greater than or equal to 1.18 was 47 % in the total population, 19.3 % in males and 28.5 % in females Conclusions: HOMA-IR and TyG can be useful diagnostic parameters for the assessment of IR in late adolescence. To provide a health guide for IR, we propose that a HOMA-IR target value ≤ 1.08 should be considered.

Introducción: Introducción: cuando los tejidos periféricos tienen una incapacidad para responder a la acción de la insulina se denomina resistencia a la insulina (RI). Existen diferentes métodos para la identificación de la RI; uno de estos es el índice HOMA-IR, que utiliza los parámetros de laboratorio, glucosa e insulina en ayunas. El índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) presenta la ventaja de solo necesitar análisis de laboratorio de rutina. Objetivo: evaluación de la distribución de los índices HOMA-IR y TyG en la población, así como determinar la capacidad predictiva del índice HOMA-IR utilizando el TyG como prueba diagnóstica para la RI. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico transversal con 1686 participantes de 18 a 21 años del estado de San Luis Potosí. Se tomaron variables antropométricas de peso y talla y se cuantificó la concentración de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos en ayuno. Además, se realizó un cuestionario para conocer los antecedentes heredofamiliares y la presencia de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT). Para la comparación entre mujeres y hombres se realizó una prueba de la t de Student y se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para determinar los valores de corte del HOMA-IR. Resultados: el 56 % de la población fueron mujeres y el 44 % hombres; la media del IMC fue de 22,62 ± 3,21 kg/m2. En la población total de estudio, la media de la concentración sérica de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos fue de 89,48 ± 9,84 mg/dL, 6,26 ± 5,04 µU/mL y 95,64 ± 55,78 mg/dL, respectivamente. Se determinó una prevalencia del 28,2 % de la RI evaluada con los puntos de corte para el índice TyG. Posteriormente se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para evaluar la capacidad predictiva del HOMA-IR. El valor de corte más destacado fue de 1,08 para el índice HOMA-IR, alcanzando una sensibilidad del 66 % y una especificidad del 53 %. La prevalencia del HOMA-IR mayor o igual a 1,18 fue del 47 % en la población total, del 19,3 % en los hombres y del 28,5 % en las mujeres. Conclusiones: los índices HOMA-IR y TyG pueden ser parámetros de utilidad diagnóstica para la valoración de la RI en la adolescencia tardía. Con el objetivo de brindar una guía de salud para la RI, proponemos que se debe considerar como objetivo un valor de HOMA-IR ≤ 1,08.

Distribución del índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) y el modelo homeostático para la evaluación de la resistencia a la insulina en la adolescencia tardía en mexicanos / Distribution of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance for the evaluation of insulin sensitivity on late adolescence in Mexicans

Introducción: cuando los tejidos periféricos tienen una incapacidad para responder a la acción de la insulina se denomina resistencia a la insulina (RI). Existen diferentes métodos para la identificación de la RI; uno de estos es el índice HOMA-IR, que utiliza los parámetros de laboratorio, glucosa e insulina en ayunas. El índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) presenta la ventaja de solo necesitar análisis de laboratorio de rutina. Objetivo: evaluación de la distribución de los índices HOMA-IR y TyG en la población, así como determinar la capacidad predictiva del índice HOMA-IR utilizando el TyG como prueba diagnóstica para la RI. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico transversal con 1686 participantes de 18 a 21 años del estado de San Luis Potosí. Se tomaron variables antropométricas de peso y talla y se cuantificó la concentración de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos en ayuno. Además, se realizó un cuestionario para conocer los antecedentes heredofamiliares y la presencia de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT). Para la comparación entre mujeres y hombres se realizó una prueba de la t de Student y se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para determinar los valores de corte del HOMA-IR. (AU)

Introduction: when peripheral tissues don't respond well to insulin action, it is defined as insulin resistance (IR). Many methods and indices are available for the estimation of IR, among them the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) involves fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Nevertheless, the TyG index has a methodological advantage over the HOMA-IR because it requires only measurements provided by routine laboratory tests. Aim: distribution asessment of the HOMA-IR and TyG indexes in the sample. Also, to determine the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR, using TyG cutoff point as IR-positive diagnostic test. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional analytical study with 1686 participants aged 18 to 21 years from the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Anthropometric assessment involves variables of weight and height. Fasting glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations were quantified. In addition, a questionnaire was carried out to know the hereditary family history and the presence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Student's t-test was used to assess the differences in mean statistics between males and females. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to examine the potential of HOMA-IR to identify IR. (AU)

Implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention to prevent risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases in Mexican families of suburban communities.

Non-communicable diseases (NCD), are not transmitted from person to person, are long-lasting and usually of slow evolution. Worldwide cause 71% deaths, in Mexico during 2016 were the cause of 80% of registered deaths; population in socioeconomic disadvantage is more vulnerable. It is urgent to develop strategies that can prevent NCD, thus, the objective of this study was to design, implement and evaluate an educational intervention strategy (EI), to prevent and control risk factors for the development NCD in families of two vulnerable communities. The research design was mixed, the stages were developed based on a risk communication (RC) model and was performed in three stages: 1) EI Design, 2) Implementation and 3) Evaluation of the intervention. In the contextualization, risk factors were found in the participants who were integrated in the design of the educational strategy. The EI implemented was effective in increasing knowledge about NCD and practice of healthy habits, such as increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, the guidance of EI at the family level has the advantage of creating a support network for these changes. However, pending issues remain, such as the design of effective strategies to reduce the consumption of sugars and sugary drinks.

Polymorphisms of the genes ABCG2, SLC22A12 and XDH and their relation with hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia in Mexican young adults.

Background: Hyperuricemia is a pathological condition associated with risk factors of cardiovascular disease. In this study, three genetic polymorphisms were genotyped as predisposing factors of hyperuricemia. Methods: A total of 860 Mexicans between 18 and 25 years of age were genotyped for the ABCG2 (rs2231142), SLC22A12 (rs476037), and XDH (rs1042039) polymorphisms, as predisposing factors of hyperuricemia. Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometry, while genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by real-time PCR. An analysis of the risk of hyperuricemia in relation to the variables studied was carried out using a logistic regression. Results: Male sex, being overweight or obese, having hypercholesterolemia or having hypertriglyceridemia were factors associated with hyperuricemia ( p ≤ 0.05). The ABCG2 polymorphism was associated with hyperuricemia (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.41-4.17, p = 0.001) and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 4.89, 95% CI: 1.54-15.48, p = 0.003), employing a dominant model, but only in male participants. Conclusions: The ABCG2 (rs2231142) polymorphism increases the risk of hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia in young Mexican males.

Association between birthweight, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression in young Mexican adults / Asociación entre peso al nacer, riesgo cardiovascular y depresión en adultos jóvenes mexicanos

Background: the aim of this study was to investigate the association between birthweight, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and depression in young Mexican adults. Methods: birthweight reports, family history of CVD and diabetes-related diseases, anthropometrics, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], and very-low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [VLDL-C]), and depressive symptoms were measured in 778 subjects of the UP-AMIGOS cohort study. To investigate the association between birthweight categories and CVD risk factors and depression, a one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc test was performed of quantitative variables, and c2 test for qualitative variables. Results: mean age was 17.8 years and 469 (60.3 %) of patients were female (n = 469, 60.3 %). The percentage of patients with low birthweight (LBW) was 8.1 % (n = 63), and 3.3 % (n = 26) reported high birthweight (HBW). Young adults with HBW were associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and high weight and body mass index (BMI) when compared to LBW subjects, the difference being statically significant (p < 0.05). Birthweight had no significant association with depression (p > 0.67). Conclusion: the findings from this population-based study revealed a positive relation between birthweight categories and some CVD risk factors. Depression was not related to birthweight. (AU)

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre el peso al nacer, los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y la depresión en adultos mexicanos jóvenes. Métodos: se obtuvieron como variables el peso al nacer, los antecedentes heredofamiliares de ECV y diabetes, la antropometría, el perfil lipídico (colesterol total [CT], triglicéridos [TG], lipoproteína de alta densidad [C-HDL], lipoproteína de baja densidad [C-LDL] y lipoproteína de muy baja densidad [C-VLDL]) y los síntomas de depresión de 778 participantes del estudio de cohortes UP-AMIGOS. Se realizó un análisis de la varianza de 1 vía con pruebas post hoc para investigar la asociación entre las categorías de peso al nacer, riesgo ECV y depresión entre las variables cuantitativas; para las variables cualitativas se realizaron pruebas del c2. Resultados: la edad media fue de 17,8 años y 469 (60,3 %) de los participantes eran mujeres. El porcentaje de pacientes con bajo peso al nacer (BPN) fue del 8,1 % (n = 63) y el 3,3 % (n = 26) tenían elevado peso al nacer (EPN). Se encontró una asociación en el grupo de EPN con la elevación de la presión arterial diastólica (PAS), el peso y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) al compararlo con el grupo de BPN, con una diferencia significativa de p < 0,05. No se encontró ninguna asociación entre el peso al nacer y la depresión (p > 0,67). Conclusiones: se encontró una relación positiva entre las categorías de peso al nacer con algunos factores de riesgo de ECV. La depresión no se asoció con el peso al nacer según los resultados de este estudio poblacional. (AU)

[Prevalence of prediabetes and its comorbidities in the Mexican pediatric population]. / Prevalencia de la prediabetes y sus comorbilidades en la población pediátrica mexicana.

INTRODUCTION: Background: prediabetes is a state observed before type-2 diabetes. Nowadays the obesity epidemic could be due to a rise in the incidence of prediabetes. Mexico has public policies for the management of non-communicable diseases. However, obesity rates continue to increase. The aim of this study was to elaborate on a diagnosis of prediabetes in the pediatric Mexican population, and compare the proportions of comorbidities that children with and without prediabetes had. Methods: a cross-sectional study was performed with 569 participants of 4 to 19 years of age from public schools. Anthropometric (weight, height, and waist circumference), clinical (blood pressure), and biochemical (fasting glucose, lipidic profile, and uric acid) variables were collected. Results: in all, 8.6 % of the population had prediabetes. Variables with the highest altered prevalence included triglycerides and systolic blood pressure. Boys had higher rates of prediabetes, altered BP, and hyperuricemia than girls. Children with prediabetes had a greater risk of elevated waist circumference, blood pressure, and uric acid measures. Conclusions: the Mexican pediatric population had elevated rates of prediabetes. Furthermore, the group with prediabetes had a higher risk of presenting high values of triglycerides, blood pressure, uric acid, and total cholesterol.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: la prediabetes es un estado que se observa antes de la diabetes de tipo 2. La actual epidemia de obesidad puede ser una causa del aumento de la incidencia de la prediabetes. En México existen políticas públicas para el manejo de las enfermedades no comunicables. Sin embargo, la obesidad continúa aumentando. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar un diagnóstico de prediabetes en la población pediátrica mexicana y contrastar la proporción de comorbilidades que presentaban los niños con y sin prediabetes. Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico de 569 participantes de 4 a 19 años de edad procedentes de escuelas públicas. Se tomaron variables antropométricas (peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura) y clínicas (presión arterial), así como indicadores bioquímicos (glucosa, perfil lipídico y ácido úrico). Resultados: el 8,6 % de la población presentaba prediabetes. Las variables de mayor prevalencia de alteración fueron los triglicéridos, seguidos de la presión arterial sistólica. Los hombres tenían prevalencias más altas de prediabetes, presión arterial elevada e hiperuricemia. Los niños con prediabetes tenían mayor riesgo de presentar cifras elevadas de circunferencia de la cintura, presión arterial y ácido úrico. Conclusiones: la población pediátrica mexicana tiene una prevalencia elevada de prediabetes. Además, se encontró que el grupo con prediabetes tiene mayor riesgo de presentar cifras elevadas de triglicéridos, presión arterial, ácido úrico y colesterol total.

Association between birthweight, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression in young Mexican adults.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the aim of this study was to investigate the association between birthweight, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and depression in young Mexican adults. Methods: birthweight reports, family history of CVD and diabetes-related diseases, anthropometrics, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], and very-low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [VLDL-C]), and depressive symptoms were measured in 778 subjects of the UP-AMIGOS cohort study. To investigate the association between birthweight categories and CVD risk factors and depression, a one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc test was performed of quantitative variables, and 2 test for qualitative variables. Results: mean age was 17.8 years and 469 (60.3 %) of patients were female (n = 469, 60.3 %). The percentage of patients with low birthweight (LBW) was 8.1 % (n = 63), and 3.3 % (n = 26) reported high birthweight (HBW). Young adults with HBW were associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and high weight and body mass index (BMI) when compared to LBW subjects, the difference being statically significant (p < 0.05). Birthweight had no significant association with depression (p > 0.67). Conclusion: the findings from this population-based study revealed a positive relation between birthweight categories and some CVD risk factors. Depression was not related to birthweight.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre el peso al nacer, los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y la depresión en adultos mexicanos jóvenes. Métodos: se obtuvieron como variables el peso al nacer, los antecedentes heredofamiliares de ECV y diabetes, la antropometría, el perfil lipídico (colesterol total [CT], triglicéridos [TG], lipoproteína de alta densidad [C-HDL], lipoproteína de baja densidad [C-LDL] y lipoproteína de muy baja densidad [C-VLDL]) y los síntomas de depresión de 778 participantes del estudio de cohortes UP-AMIGOS. Se realizó un análisis de la varianza de 1 vía con pruebas post hoc para investigar la asociación entre las categorías de peso al nacer, riesgo ECV y depresión entre las variables cuantitativas; para las variables cualitativas se realizaron pruebas del 2. Resultados: la edad media fue de 17,8 años y 469 (60,3 %) de los participantes eran mujeres. El porcentaje de pacientes con bajo peso al nacer (BPN) fue del 8,1 % (n = 63) y el 3,3 % (n = 26) tenían elevado peso al nacer (EPN). Se encontró una asociación en el grupo de EPN con la elevación de la presión arterial diastólica (PAS), el peso y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) al compararlo con el grupo de BPN, con una diferencia significativa de p < 0,05. No se encontró ninguna asociación entre el peso al nacer y la depresión (p > 0,67). Conclusiones: se encontró una relación positiva entre las categorías de peso al nacer con algunos factores de riesgo de ECV. La depresión no se asoció con el peso al nacer según los resultados de este estudio poblacional.

Clinical utility of ABCB1 and ABCG2 genotyping for assessing the clinical and pathological response to FAC therapy in Mexican breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) in some patients with locally advanced breast cancer remains one of the main obstacles to first-line treatment. We investigated clinical and pathological responses to FAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Mexican women with breast cancer and their possible association with SNPs present in ABC transporters as predictors of chemoresistance. MATERIALS: A total of 102 patients undergoing FAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included in the study. SNP analysis was performed by RT-PCR from genomic DNA. Two SNPs were analyzed: ABCB1 rs1045642 (3435 C > T) and ABCG2 rs2231142 (421 G > T). RESULTS: In clinical response evaluation, significant associations were found between the ABCB1 C3435T genotype and breast cancer chemoresistant and chemosensitive patients (p < 0.05). In the early clinical response, patients with genotype C/C or C/T were more likely to be chemosensitive to neoadjuvant therapy than patients with genotype T/T (OR = 4.055; p = 0.0064). Association analysis between the ABCB1 gene polymorphism and the pathologic response to FAC chemotherapy showed that the C/C + C/T genotype was a protective factor against chemoresistance (OR = 3.714; p = 0.0104). Polymorphisms in ABCG2 indicated a lack of association with resistance to chemotherapy (p = 0.2586) evaluating the clinical or pathological response rate to FAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: The early clinical response and its association with SNPs in the ABCB1 transporter are preserved until the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy; therefore, it could be used as a predictor of chemoresistance in locally advanced breast cancer patients of the Mexican population.

Impact of chemical preservative in urine samples.

Urinalysis is one of the most important tests in the clinical laboratory. In this study we assessed the use of chemical preservative in urinalysis during preanalytical phase. Fifty first morning urine samples from medical laboratory patients were collected and stored with and without chemical preservative. Difference between medians were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test for glucose, bilirubin, ketones, specific gravity, erythrocytes, pH, proteins, nitrites, leukocytes using urine strips; and on leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial cells, and bacteria in the urinary sediment, at 90 minutes after sampling. Our results showed that the specific gravity and the pH values increased in samples with chemical preservative in urine strip tests. Concerning urinary sediment analysis no differences were observed in the studied parameters between samples with and without chemical preservative. We suggest that the effect on urine pH is due to the chemical nature of the substances in the preservative. Thus, we caution about the use of chemical preservatives in samples to be analyzed within short time (i.e. less than 1.5 - 2 hours) after sample collection. Avoid chemical preservatives, in this situation, could help avoid changes in the pH and specific gravity, which could eventually help in maintaining quality in the preanalytical phase of urinalysis.

Neck Circumference and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pediatric Population.

Background and objectives: To identify the relationship between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Materials and Methods: Children and adolescents 6-18 years old (n = 548) from five counties of San Luis Potosí, México were included. Data was collected for biological markers (glucose and lipid profile) and anthropometric and clinical measurements-weight, height, NC, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using Quetelet formula (kg/m2). Descriptive analysis, correlation tests, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed. Results: NC was highly correlated with BMI and WC in both genders (p <0.0001). The most frequent risk factor was high BMI (38.7%). Sensitivity and specificity analysis of NC and high BMI showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.887. Conclusions: According to our findings, NC is a simple, low-cost, and non-invasive measurement, which has a high association with high BMI and increased WC.

Impacto del Programa de Evaluación Externa de la Calidad en Química Clínica en México de 2004 a 2008 / Impact of the Program of External Quality Assessment in Clinical Chemistry in Mexico from 2004 to 2008 / Impacto do Programa de Avaliação Qualidade Externa em Química Clínica no México de 2004 a 2008

Se valoró el impacto del Programa de Evaluación Externa de la Calidad, aplicable a laboratorios clínicos en el área de Química Clínica, en México, con base en resultados obtenidos por los laboratorios durante el ciclo marzo 2008-febrero 2009 y el periodo 2004-2008, mediante un estudio analítico, longitudinal y retrospectivo de los resultados obtenidos por los laboratorios que participaron en el Programa de Evaluación Externa de la Calidad de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. El análisis estadístico se realizó con los programas Microsoft® Office Excel y Epi Info T. El porcentaje de laboratorios clínicos con desempeño aceptable (excelente y bueno) por analito, durante el ciclo de evaluación marzo 2008-febrero 2009, fue del 75% al 82%, que aumentó cuando se utilizaron métodos automatizados y semiautomatizados. Para el periodo 2004-2008, los laboratorios en 2004 tuvieron 3,02 veces mayor riesgo de no calificar con desempeño aceptable (p<0,05) que en 2008. En conclusión, el Programa de Evaluación Externa de la Calidad de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, ha tenido un impacto favorable en el desempeño global de los laboratorios clínicos, que permite asegurar su calidad analítica.

The impact of the External Quality Assessment Program, applicable to clinical laboratories in the area of Clinical Chemistry in Mexico, was studied, based on laboratory results during the March 2008-February 2009 cycle and the 2004-2008 period, through analytical, longitudinal, retrospective analyses of the results obtained by the laboratories that participated in the External Quality Assessment Program of the School of Chemical Sciences of Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Statistical analysis was performed with Microsoft® Office Excel and Epi Info T programs. The percentage of clínical laboratories with acceptable performance (excellent and good) by analyte during the evaluation cycle in March 2008-February 2009 was 75% to 82%, whích íncreased when automated and semíautomated methods were used. For the 2004-2008 period, the laboratories, in 2004, had 3.02 times greatet risk of not qualifying with acceptable performance (p<0.05) than in 2008. In conclusión, the External Qualíty Assessment of the School of Chemícal Sciences of Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí has had a strong impact on the overall performance of clinical laboratories, whích ensures the latter's qualíty.

[Population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in adults with epilepsy]. / Farmacocinética poblacional de carbamacepina en pacientes epilépticos adultos.

The aim of the present study was to determinate the factors affecting carbamazepine (CBZ) clearance (CL) in adults with epilepsy using a mixed-effect model and sparse data collected during routine clinical care. The patient population comprised 104 adults receiving CBZ. A total of 161 CBZ steady state serum concentration samples were analyzed. Population CL was calculated by using NONMEM with a one compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The following covariates were tested for their influence on clearance (CL): total body weight, age, dose/day, sex, surface area (SA) and comedication with primidone (PRIM), ualproic acid or phenytoin (DFH). The final regression model for carbamazepine clearance found best to describe the data was: CL = (0.614 SA + 0.0016 dose/day)(1 + 0.278 DFH)(1 + 0.326 PRIM).

Farmacocinética poblacional de carbamacepina en pacientes epilépticos adultos / Population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in adults with epilepsy

The aim of the present study was to determinate the factors affecting carbamazepine (CBZ) clearance (CL) in adults with epilepsy using a mixed-effect model and sparse data collected during routine clinical care. The patient population comprised 104 adults receiving CBZ. A total of 161 CBZ steady state serum concentration samples were analyzed. Population CL was calculated by using NONMEM with a one compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The following covariates were tested for their influence on clearance (CL): total body weight, age, dose/day, sex, surface area (SA) and comedication with primidone (PRIM), valproic acid or phenytoin (DFH). The final regression model for carbamazepine clearance found best to describe the data was: CL = (0.614 SA + 0.0016 dose/day)(1 + 0.278 DFH)(1 + 0.326 PRIM).

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar los factores que influyen en el aclaramiento (CL) de carbamacepina (CBZ) en pacientes epilépticos adultos usando un modelo de efectos mixtos y datos de concentraciones séricas de CBZ generados del cuidado rutinario de los pacientes. El número de pacientes incluidos en el estudio fue de 104. Se analizaron un total de 161 concentraciones séricas de CBZ en el estado estacionario. El aclaramiento poblacional se determinó con el programa NONMEM aplicando un modelo monocompartimental con absorción y eliminación de primer orden. Se analizó la influencia de las siguientes covariables sobre el CL: peso corporal total, edad, dosis/día, sexo, superficie corporal (SC) y la comedicación con primidona (PRIM), ácido valproico o difenilhidantoína (DFH). El modelo final de regresión obtenido es el siguiente: CL = (0.614 SC + 0.0016 dosis/día)( 1+ 0.278 DFH)(1 + 0.326 PRIM).